The Determinants of Healthcare Staff Productivity; A Systematic Review

Abstract

Productivity of healthcare staff affects patient outcomes among others, thus making it a critical aspect of healthcare system performance. As a result of the workforce shortages, increasing demands on the healthcare system, and the ongoing impact of the COVID 19 pandemic, it is important to understand the challenges impacting staff productivity. This systematic review was developed to assess the determinants of healthcare staff productivity. This systematic review was developed according to the PRISMA framework. We comprehensively searched literature published from 2020 to 2025 to find research studies on the healthcare workforce-related productivity factors including burnout, work engagement, job satisfaction, motivation, resilience, retention, work-life balance, and other relevant organizational factors. Of the studies shortlisted, 19 were selected for the review. The determinants of productivity of healthcare staff were found to be intricately interrelated at individual, organizational and psychosocial levels. The most notable barrier to productivity was burnout, and the most notable positive productivity and effectiveness of the workforce and the organization was derived from work engagement. Other factors included job satisfaction, motivation, resilience, retention, and work-life balance. From the findings of the review, healthcare organizations are likely to strengthen and broaden staff productivity and organizational effectiveness by reducing employee burnout, increasing employee work engagement and satisfaction, and improving workplace culture. Future research should examine the long-term impacts of productivity determinants and workforce outcomes using intervention research.